diff --git a/components/realtime-refresh.tsx b/components/realtime-refresh.tsx
index f8f6d7b..a95d8a9 100644
--- a/components/realtime-refresh.tsx
+++ b/components/realtime-refresh.tsx
@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@
 import { useEffect } from "react";
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation";
 import { sse } from "@/lib/realtime/sse";
-import {
-  startRealtimeRefresh,
-  type RealtimeRefreshHandlers,
-} from "@/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh";
+import { startRealtimeRefresh } from "@/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh";
 
 type FormRealtimeRefreshProps = {
   topic: "forms" | "submissions";
@@ -67,21 +64,29 @@ export function RealtimeRefresh(props: RealtimeRefreshProps) {
       filter,
       debounceMs,
       refresh: () => router.refresh(),
-      subscribe(handlers: RealtimeRefreshHandlers) {
-        const options = { onopen: handlers.onOpen };
+      subscribe(emit) {
+        const options = { onopen: () => emit({ kind: "open" }) };
 
         if (topic === "forms") {
-          return sse.forms.sub("update", handlers.onForm, options);
+          return sse.forms.sub(
+            "update",
+            (event) => emit({ kind: "form", formId: event.formId }),
+            options,
+          );
         }
         if (topic === "submissions") {
-          return sse.submissions.sub("update", handlers.onForm, options);
+          return sse.submissions.sub(
+            "update",
+            (event) => emit({ kind: "form", formId: event.formId }),
+            options,
+          );
         }
         if (topic === "uploads") {
-          return sse.uploads.sub("update", handlers.onUpload, options);
+          return sse.uploads.sub("update", () => emit({ kind: "upload" }), options);
         }
         return sse.leaderboards.subMany({
-          xp: handlers.onXp,
-          vc: handlers.onVc,
+          xp: () => emit({ kind: "xp" }),
+          vc: (event) => emit({ kind: "vc", channelId: event.channelId }),
         }, options);
       },
     });
diff --git a/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.test.ts b/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.test.ts
index 6a71f5a..51c11e5 100644
--- a/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.test.ts
+++ b/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.test.ts
@@ -1,58 +1,68 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import {
+  matchesRealtimeRefresh,
   startRealtimeRefresh,
-  type RealtimeRefreshHandlers,
+  type RealtimeRefreshEvent,
 } from "@/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh";
 
 function waitForRefresh() {
   return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
 }
 
-describe("profile realtime refresh", () => {
-  test("refreshes for both XP and voice events", async () => {
-    let handlers: RealtimeRefreshHandlers | undefined;
+describe("realtime refresh policy", () => {
+  test("matches page intent against one event stream", () => {
+    expect(matchesRealtimeRefresh({ kind: "profile" }, { kind: "xp" })).toBeTrue();
+    expect(matchesRealtimeRefresh({ kind: "profile" }, { kind: "vc", channelId: "1" })).toBeTrue();
+    expect(matchesRealtimeRefresh({ kind: "vc", channelId: "1" }, { kind: "vc", channelId: "2" })).toBeFalse();
+    expect(matchesRealtimeRefresh({ kind: "form", formId: "form-1" }, { kind: "form", formId: "form-2" })).toBeFalse();
+    expect(matchesRealtimeRefresh({ kind: "uploads" }, { kind: "upload" })).toBeTrue();
+  });
+
+  test("refreshes for matching events and reconnects", async () => {
+    let emit: ((event: RealtimeRefreshEvent) => void) | undefined;
     let refreshes = 0;
     const clean = startRealtimeRefresh({
       filter: { kind: "profile" },
       debounceMs: 0,
       refresh: () => { refreshes += 1; },
-      subscribe: (nextHandlers) => {
-        handlers = nextHandlers;
+      subscribe: (nextEmit) => {
+        emit = nextEmit;
         return { clean() {} };
       },
     });
 
-    handlers?.onXp();
+    emit?.({ kind: "open" });
+    emit?.({ kind: "xp" });
     await waitForRefresh();
-    handlers?.onVc({ channelId: "1234567890" });
+    emit?.({ kind: "vc", channelId: "1234567890" });
+    await waitForRefresh();
+    emit?.({ kind: "open" });
     await waitForRefresh();
 
-    expect(refreshes).toBe(2);
+    expect(refreshes).toBe(3);
     clean();
   });
 
-  test("debounces profile event bursts and refreshes after reconnect", async () => {
-    let handlers: RealtimeRefreshHandlers | undefined;
+  test("debounces event bursts and cancels on cleanup", async () => {
+    let emit: ((event: RealtimeRefreshEvent) => void) | undefined;
     let refreshes = 0;
     const clean = startRealtimeRefresh({
-      filter: { kind: "profile" },
+      filter: { kind: "xp" },
       debounceMs: 1,
       refresh: () => { refreshes += 1; },
-      subscribe: (nextHandlers) => {
-        handlers = nextHandlers;
+      subscribe: (nextEmit) => {
+        emit = nextEmit;
         return { clean() {} };
       },
     });
 
-    handlers?.onXp();
-    handlers?.onVc({ channelId: "1234567890" });
+    emit?.({ kind: "xp" });
+    emit?.({ kind: "xp" });
     await waitForRefresh();
     expect(refreshes).toBe(1);
-
-    handlers?.onOpen();
-    handlers?.onOpen();
-    await waitForRefresh();
-    expect(refreshes).toBe(2);
+    emit?.({ kind: "xp" });
     clean();
+    await waitForRefresh();
+    expect(refreshes).toBe(1);
   });
 });
diff --git a/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.ts b/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.ts
index f213e6c..2356bc1 100644
--- a/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.ts
+++ b/lib/realtime/realtime-refresh.ts
@@ -5,27 +5,39 @@ export type RealtimeRefreshFilter =
   | { kind: "xp" }
   | { kind: "vc"; channelId?: string };
 
-export type RealtimeRefreshHandlers = {
-  onOpen: () => void;
-  onForm: (event: { formId: string }) => void;
-  onUpload: () => void;
-  onXp: () => void;
-  onVc: (event: { channelId: string }) => void;
-};
+export type RealtimeRefreshEvent =
+  | { kind: "open" }
+  | { kind: "form"; formId: string }
+  | { kind: "upload" }
+  | { kind: "xp" }
+  | { kind: "vc"; channelId: string };
 
-type StartRealtimeRefreshOptions = {
-  filter: RealtimeRefreshFilter;
-  debounceMs: number;
-  refresh: () => void;
-  subscribe: (handlers: RealtimeRefreshHandlers) => { clean: () => void };
-};
+export type RealtimeRefreshSubscription = { clean: () => void };
+
+export function matchesRealtimeRefresh(
+  filter: RealtimeRefreshFilter,
+  event: Exclude<RealtimeRefreshEvent, { kind: "open" }>,
+) {
+  if (filter.kind === "form") {
+    return event.kind === "form" && (!filter.formId || event.formId === filter.formId);
+  }
+  if (filter.kind === "uploads") return event.kind === "upload";
+  if (filter.kind === "xp") return event.kind === "xp";
+  if (filter.kind === "profile") return event.kind === "xp" || event.kind === "vc";
+  return event.kind === "vc" && (!filter.channelId || event.channelId === filter.channelId);
+}
 
 export function startRealtimeRefresh({
   filter,
   debounceMs,
   refresh,
   subscribe,
-}: StartRealtimeRefreshOptions) {
+}: {
+  filter: RealtimeRefreshFilter;
+  debounceMs: number;
+  refresh: () => void;
+  subscribe: (emit: (event: RealtimeRefreshEvent) => void) => RealtimeRefreshSubscription;
+}) {
   let connectedOnce = false;
   let refreshTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
 
@@ -34,39 +46,14 @@ export function startRealtimeRefresh({
     refreshTimer = setTimeout(refresh, debounceMs);
   };
 
-  const subscription = subscribe({
-    onOpen() {
-      if (connectedOnce) {
-        scheduleRefresh();
-      } else {
-        connectedOnce = true;
-      }
-    },
-    onForm(event) {
-      if (
-        filter.kind === "form"
-        && (!filter.formId || event.formId === filter.formId)
-      ) {
-        scheduleRefresh();
-      }
-    },
-    onXp() {
-      if (filter.kind === "xp" || filter.kind === "profile") scheduleRefresh();
-    },
-    onUpload() {
-      if (filter.kind === "uploads") scheduleRefresh();
-    },
-    onVc(event) {
-      if (
-        filter.kind === "profile"
-        || (
-          filter.kind === "vc"
-          && (!filter.channelId || event.channelId === filter.channelId)
-        )
-      ) {
-        scheduleRefresh();
-      }
-    },
+  const subscription = subscribe((event) => {
+    if (event.kind === "open") {
+      if (connectedOnce) scheduleRefresh();
+      connectedOnce = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (matchesRealtimeRefresh(filter, event)) scheduleRefresh();
   });
 
   return () => {